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H07RN-F Neoprene Cables: For Heavy Duty Use

Cable basics, Cable selection, Keystone Academy /

Power cables are ubiquitous for different industrial applications. In cases where ordinary power cables cannot operate under certain harsher conditions, H07RN-F neoprene cables become an attractive choice. What does H07RN-F mean? H – conformity to harmonized standards (set by CENELEC that standardizes electrotechnical specifications)07 – voltage rating is 450/750VR – EPR insulationN – PCP jacketF – Flexible copper conductors H07RN-F neoprene has the following properties that make it a good heavy-duty electrical cable: FlexibleIn addition to the rubber properties, which give it good flexibility, neoprene cables also use Class 5 copper conductors, which indicate finer copper strands to make up the conductor core. This prevents the cable with high flexibility properties and allows neoprene cables to be installed either as a fixed or mobile cable. Chemical ResistanceThe cables have great chemical resistance and thus can be installed under adverse conditions such as oily, acidic, and alkaline environments. Scratch ResistanceNeoprene has superior resistance to abrasions and scratches. Therefore, they are suitable and commonly used at worksites. Wide Temperature Range Compared to standard PVC insulated cables, which have a temperature rating of 5°C to 70°C, neoprene cables have a larger range of temperature rating of -25°C to 90°C; under high-temperature conditions, the neoprene cable insulation will not melt, and at low-temperature conditions, neoprene cables can still maintain its flexibility and not crack. It is thus a popular choice for use under environmental hazards, including water, sunlight, sand, and snow. Given the distinct advantages of neoprene cables, they are popular for industrial use and use in worksite equipment such as power tools, pumps and generators.  For more information on how EPR insulation may compare with other common cable materials, we have a summarized table for reference. Certified Neoprene Cables Given the heavy-duty use of such cables, selecting a brand where the neoprene cables have been certified is important. Keystone Cable’s neoprene cables are certified by VDE, a German third-party organization in standardization, testing and certifications. Our neoprene cables have been selected for use in iconic projects such as Amazon Data Centre, Singapore MRT, Jurong Port, Sengkang General Hospital, and Singapore F1. We have a strong cable specialist technical team to provide recommendations for your projects. Contact us should you require more information. Contact Sales

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Solar Cables Construction and Specifications

Cable basics, Cable selection, Keystone Academy /

In search of a clean and sustainable energy source for the future, solar remains the most promising renewable energy source for Singapore and most Southeast Asian countries. Singapore aims to harness 1.5 gigawatt-peak (GWp) of solar energy by 2025 and will accelerate the country’s goal to at least 2GWp of solar power by 2030. As a result, there is an increasing demand for Solar PV systems: solar modules, inverters, substructures, plugs, fuses, terminal boxes, and solar cables. In response to the rapidly growing demand of the solar industry, at Keystone, we play our part in contributing to renewable energy sources by providing high-quality Keystone photovoltaic cables that meet stringent requirements. A solar cable is used in photovoltaic power generation. Solar cables are designed to be UV- and weather-resistant and can be used within a wide temperature range for indoor and outdoor applications. Solar Cable Construction Keystone solar cables are double-insulated with cross-linked polyolefin (XLPO). Compared to common power cable insulations such as PVC and XLPE, XLPO has a higher nominal temperature rating of -40°C to 120°C. XLPO insulation has excellent UV resistance, flame retardancy, chemical resistance, and durability. In addition, XLPO is halogen-free, meaning it will not emit toxic gases when exposed to fire. Using poor-quality solar cables may reduce the lifespan of entire solar PV installations, whereas high-quality solar cables prevent pre-mature ageing processes when installed under appropriate guidelines. To ensure the quality of the solar cables, Keystone solar cables are manufactured in accordance with EN 50618 (H1Z2Z2-K) and certified by TÜV Rheinland. EN 50618:2014 consists of a series of stringent tests for cables used in PV systems, which include electrical properties test, constructional and dimensional test, insulation and sheathing material test, cold impact and cold bending test, ozone resistance test, weather/UV resistance test on the sheath, dynamic penetration test, damp heat test, shrinkage test, vertical flame propagation and smoke test. The entire testing process is extensive to ensure the quality and reliability of the solar cables. Keystone solar cables are reliable for the entire solar PV system lifespan as they have a service life of more than 25 years under normal use with proper installation. Here are some installation tips we have gathered to ensure a good solar cable lifespan: Avoid using installation bundles with many cables, as this could raise the ambient temperature of the cables and cause derating. Avoid having cables completely exposed to the weather and laid haphazardly or transversely. Avoid laying cables in the rain gutter. Pay attention to clamped points or cables that lean over sharp edges to prevent damage to the sheath or insulation. Do adhere to the minimum cable bending radius. For instance, please do not install the solar cables in a tight loop formation, as it would likely exceed the bending radius. As solar cables are important to the entire PV system, Keystone technical team can help provide professional guidance on choosing the most appropriate solar cables for your installation. Our solar cables have been selected for large solar farms in Singapore, Indonesia and Vietnam, such as Singapore Solar Nova HDB Rooftop solar project(25Mw), JTC Jurong Island Solar Farm in Singapore, Trung Nam Solar Power Plant(200Mw), Tra Vinh Solar Power Plant(95Mw) in Vietnam and Gangga Island Resort and Spa Solar project in Indonesia. To learn more about Keystone’s solar cables, please contact our team. Contact Sales

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How long do cables last?

Cable basics, Keystone Academy /

In a nutshell, if you purchased a cable manufactured to international standards and wired indoors according to proper guidelines, your cables are generally expected to last based on a design life of at least 20-30 years. What could affect the actual cable’s lifespan? There are, however, many operational and environmental factors that would affect the actual lifespan of a cable. These include: Overload or short circuit events would cause a shortening of cable life. Whether the cable is near high heat sources (e.g. installed at a high ambient temperature that was not factored in prior or is placed next to other circuits that were not accounted for during cable sizing). Whether the cable is exposed to outdoor elements such as UV radiation or weather conditions was not a part of the original design. Or if water has reached the cable core. Or if there is an unforeseen pest attack. Presence of contaminants, oil, or acids that could degrade the sheath or insulation. If the cables are subjected to mechanical stress, such as tensile, vibration, or bending, that could occur during or post-installation. Thanks to international bodies such as IEC, BS EN, or national standards like SS (Singapore Standards), cable standards have been developed to test for performance in various cable applications. While standards do not specify the life expectancy of a manufactured cable, these standards include electrical and non-electrical tests that would allow a cable lifespan of at least 20-30 years under typical indoor use. So end users can have peace of mind about the cable’s service life when purchasing cables that come with a Certificate of Compliance to the appropriate national or international standards. To ensure optimal electrical cable lifespan, it is also important to minimize the influence of the operational and environmental factors stated above. Choosing the most suitable insulation and sheath material according to the cable application and sizing the cable correctly would be key. For more information, please reach out to our sales team.

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Key Benefits and Components of Structured Cabling Systems

Cable basics, Keystone Academy /

A structured cabling system (SCS) is a set of cabling and connectivity products that integrate voice, data, and other ELV systems on the premise (e.g. safety alarms, security access, and energy systems). It is a web that connects all the devices through more minor standardized elements – providing a reliable and future-proof solution to a wide range of communication requirements. Benefits of Structured Cabling Systems One of the most significant benefits of structured cabling is that it is a future-proof, scalable system; even if the company undergoes a sudden surge of growth, a structured system can keep pace with the growing needs. Another key benefit is the high level of straightforwardness in managing the system – after the initial planning and setup – as it eliminates the complexity of having multiple wiring infrastructures. In the past, point-to-point cabling was used, which meant every piece of hardware used its cable with long runs from point to point. This often led to a mess of wiring, posing a safety hazard and a high risk of human error with multiple unorganized cabling structures. When an issue arises, the time taken to identify the root cause could be significant and cause workflow disruptions and network downtime. A structured cabling system makes the diagnosis of issues easier and simplifies the replacement of faulty components. While a structured system is a greater upfront investment than a point-to-point one, it pays for itself over time through lowered IT costs and increased employee productivity. What Is KEYLAN™ and What Are the Components? Applying the highest manufacturing standards, Keystone Cable KEYLAN™’s suite of innovative products solutions offers both copper-based cabling systems and optical fibre cabling systems. KEYLAN™ offers a range of physical infrastructure solutions and accessories, from patch cords and wall outlets to horizontal cabling and connectivity panels that interface with equipment and data centres. Our solutions are designed to withstand high-speed data traffic and ensure that even the most complex network can be connected robustly and securely. KEYLAN™ Certifications and Guarantee KEYLAN™ takes pride in ensuring our cables are tested, certified, and meet the required specifications to provide the highest quality cables that operates safely and at the peak performance. KEYLAN™’s quality consistently meets or exceeds the standards set forth by international standards, including Underwriters Laboratory (UL) and Intertek (ETL). To ensure system integrity, all KEYLAN™ solutions components are verified by ETL:ETL Verified 2-Connector Permanent Link to ISO/IEC 11801 Class EA, permanent link illustration, and part numbers. With our established project references in our LAN cables and KEYLAN™ systems since 2010 and 2014 respectively, we provide end users a peace of mind regarding the quality of the products, guaranteeing their performance, reliability, safety, and information traceability. In addition, if the entire system, including installation, is certified under KEYLAN™. the system will come with a 25-year warranty. Check out our dedicated website for KEYLAN™ or contact our team to learn more about specific offerings. Contact Sales A structured cabling system (SCS) is a set of cabling and connectivity products that integrate voice, data, and other ELV systems on the premise (e.g. safety alarms, security access, and energy systems). It is a web that connects all the devices through more minor standardized elements – providing a reliable and future-proof solution to a wide range of communication requirements. Benefits of Structured Cabling Systems One of the most significant benefits of structured cabling is that it is a future-proof, scalable system; even if the company undergoes a sudden surge of growth, a structured system can keep pace with the growing needs. Another key benefit is the high level of straightforwardness in managing the system – after the initial planning and setup – as it eliminates the complexity of having multiple wiring infrastructures. In the past, point-to-point cabling was used, which meant every piece of hardware used its cable with long runs from point to point. This often led to a mess of wiring, posing a safety hazard and a high risk of human error with multiple unorganized cabling structures. When an issue arises, the time taken to identify the root cause could be significant and cause workflow disruptions and network downtime. A structured cabling system makes the diagnosis of issues easier and simplifies the replacement of faulty components. While a structured system is a greater upfront investment than a point-to-point one, it pays for itself over time through lowered IT costs and increased employee productivity.   What Is KEYLAN™, and What Are the Components Applying the highest manufacturing standards, Keystone Cable KEYLAN™’s suite of innovative products solutions offers both copper-based cabling systems and optical fibre cabling systems. KEYLAN™ offers a range of physical infrastructure solutions and accessories, from patch cords and wall outlets to horizontal cabling and connectivity panels that interface with equipment and data centres. Our solutions are designed to withstand high-speed data traffic and ensure that even the most complex network can be connected robustly and securely. KEYLAN™ Certifications and Guarantee KEYLAN™ takes pride in ensuring our cables are tested, certified, and meet the required specifications to provide the highest quality cables that operate safely and at peak performance. KEYLAN™’s quality consistently meets or exceeds the standards set forth by international standards, including Underwriters Laboratory (UL) and Intertek (ETL). To ensure system integrity, all KEYLAN™ solutions components are verified by ETL:ETL Verified 2-Connector Permanent Link to ISO/IEC 11801-1 Class EA, permanent link illustration, and parts numbers. With our established project references in our LAN cables and KEYLAN™ systems since 2010 and 2014, respectively, we provide end users peace of mind regarding the quality of the products, guaranteeing their performance, reliability, safety, and information traceability. In addition, if the entire system, including installation, is certified under KEYLAN™, the system will come with a 25-year warranty. Check out our dedicated website for KEYLAN™ to learn more about the specific offerings. A structured cabling system (SCS) is a set of cabling and connectivity products that integrate voice, data, and other ELV systems on the premise (e.g. safety alarms, security access, and energy systems). It is

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Flame Retardant Test Standards – Explained!

Keystone Academy, Quality Assurance /

In our previous Keystone Academy blog, ‘What is the Difference Between FRT and FR Cable?’, we shared that Fire Resistant (FR) cables are fire safety products which maintain circuit integrity in the presence of fire, while Flame Retardant (FRT) cables reduce the spread of fire. This is critical so that life-saving electrical installations, such as fire alarms, smoke detectors, PA systems, and emergency lighting, can perform their functions in the event of a fire. Keystone low-smoke, zero-halogen (LSZH) flame retardant (FRT) cables comply with IEC 60332, IEC 60754, and IEC 61034, which ensure that the flame retardant cables reduce flame propagation, prevent the release of toxic gases, and control smoke emission under fire conditions. This article breaks down the standard LSZH FRT test methods in more detail. Flame Propagation Tests: IEC 60332-1-2, IEC 60332-3 Flame retardant cables prevent flame propagation during a fire emergency. The cable’s protective material includes additives such as aluminium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide. When the material comes into contact with fire, the byproduct from the endothermic reaction is gaseous water which will help envelop the flame and thereby exclude oxygen from the fire. IEC 60332-1-2 is the test for vertical flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable. During the test, a single-core cable with a length of approx. 0.6m is mounted vertically using two clamps, and a flame is applied to the bottom end for 60 seconds (or 120 seconds if the cable’s overall diameter is >25mm). Passing Criteria: After removing the flame, the burning cable extinguishes itself, and the fire damage is at least 50mm below the upper mounting clamp. IEC 60332-3 tests vertical flame spread of vertically mounted bunched wires or cables. This test is conducted as it cannot be assumed that bunched cables will behave the same way in the fire as single cables. This is because flame propagation along a vertical bunch of cables depends on other factors, such as the volume of combustible material exposed and the geometrical configuration of the cables. Passing Criteria: After the burning ceased, the charred portion does not exceed a height of 2.5 meters. Acid Gas Emission Tests: IEC 60754 When fire comes into contact with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or other chlorine-containing materials, hydrogen chloride gas is released. Hydrogen chloride gas forms corrosive hydrochloric acid (HCl) on contact with water found in body tissues. This irritates the eyes, mouth, throat, nose, and lungs, thus making escape more difficult. At Keystone Cable, all our fire-resistant and flame-retardant cables use Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH) compounds to prevent the formation of HCl gases from burning cables. International standard IEC 60754 specifies tests for determining the degree of acidity of gases generated during the combustion of materials from electric cables by measuring the pH and conductivity. Passing Criteria: The weighted pH value is not less than 4.3 when related to 1 litre of water, and the weighted value of conductivity is not more than 10μS/mm when related to 1 litre of water. Smoke Emission Tests: IEC 61034 This test measures the smoke density of electric cables burning under defined conditions. The “3-meter cube test” measures the amount of smoke generated by cables in the event of a fire. The cables are placed in a 3m3 enclosure. A tray containing alcohol is supported above the ground surface to permit air circulation around and beneath the tray. The test pieces (cables or bundles) touched horizontally and centred above the tray. Air circulation will begin, and the alcohol (1 litre) will be ignited. A beam of light is transmitted from one window of the chamber to the opposite window. The light intensity is measured between the light source and the photocell. The test is considered done when there is no decrease in light transmittance for 5 minutes after the fire source has been extinguished or when the test duration reaches 40 minutes. Passing Criteria: The recorded light transmittance is at a minimum 60%, which means the smoke density has a maximum value of 40%. For more information, please contact our team. Contact Sales In our previous Keystone Academy blog, ‘What is the Difference Between FRT and FR Cable?’, we shared that Fire Resistant (FR) cables are fire safety products which maintain circuit integrity in the presence of fire, while Flame Retardant (FRT) cables reduce the spread of fire. This is critical so that life-saving electrical installations, such as fire alarms, smoke detectors, PA systems, and emergency lighting, can perform their functions in the event of a fire. Keystone low-smoke, zero-halogen (LSZH) flame retardant (FRT) cables comply with IEC 60332, IEC 60754, and IEC 61034, which ensure that the flame retardant cables reduce flame propagation, prevent the release of toxic gases, and control smoke emission under fire conditions. This article breaks down the standard LSZH FRT test methods in more detail.   Flame Propagation Tests: IEC60332-1-2, IEC60332-3 Flame retardant cables prevent flame propagation during a fire emergency. The cable’s protective material includes additives such as aluminium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide. When the material comes into contact with fire, the byproduct from the endothermic reaction is gaseous water which will help envelop the flame and thereby exclude oxygen from the fire. IEC 60332-1-2 is the test for vertical flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable. During the test, a single-core cable with a length of approx. 0.6m is mounted vertically using two clamps, and a flame is applied to the bottom end for 60 seconds (or 120 seconds if the cable’s overall diameter is >25mm). Passing Criteria: After removing the flame, the burning cable extinguishes itself, and the fire damage is at least 50mm below the upper mounting clamp. IEC 60332-3 tests vertical flame spread of vertically-mounted bunched wires or cables. This test is conducted as it cannot be assumed that bunched cables will behave the same way in the fire as single cables. This is because flame propagation along a vertical bunch of cables depends on other factors, such as the volume of combustible material exposed and the geometrical configuration of the cables. Passing Criteria: After the

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Fire Resistant Test Standards – Explained!

Cable basics, Keystone Academy, Quality Assurance /

In our previous Keystone Academy blog, ‘What is the Difference Between FRT and FR Cable?’, we shared that Fire Resistant (FR) cables are a fire safety product, which means they not only reduce the spread of fire but will also maintain circuit integrity in the presence of fire. This is critical so that life-saving electrical installations, such as fire alarms, smoke detectors, PA systems, and emergency lighting, can perform their functions in the event of a fire. In addition to complying with LSZH flame retardant (FRT) tests (IEC 60332, IEC 60754, and IEC 61034), LSZH FR cables are also tested to IEC 60331-21, BS 6387 or SS 299 to ensure that the fire-resistant cables maintain circuit integrity under fire conditions. In this article, we introduce the differences among the 3 common LSZH FR test standards. Resistance to Fire: SS 299 Singapore Standard SS 299 specifies tests for fire-resistant cables. This standard was updated in September 2021, and it is a modified adoption of British Standard BS 6387:2013, ‘Test method for resistance to fire of cables required to maintain circuit integrity under fire conditions’.  FR cables must pass protocols C, W, and Z test parameters to be considered fully compliant. For information on the old standard, SS 299-1:1998, refer to the blog “SS299:2021 Updates – Fire Resistant Test Standard”. Resistance to Fire: BS 6387 British Standards BS 6387 is the most commonly recognised FR cable test standard. Based on the latest standards update BS6387:2013, an FR cable is considered compliant only if it passes the BS 6387 Cat. CWZ requirement: • Resistance to fire alone, Category C (950 °C ±40 °C for 3 hours) • Resistance to fire with water, Category W (650 °C ±40 °C 15 mins flame, 15 mins water) • Resistance to fire with mechanical shock, Category Z (950 °C ±40 °C 15 mins flame, mechanical shock every 30s) Keystone Cable’s fire-resistant range complies with all of the above international standards. Contact us if you would like to find out more about the cable types to choose for your cabling requirement.

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Electrical Wiring Colour Code in Singapore

Cable basics, Keystone Academy /

The electrical wiring colour code is an important safety feature to allow a common language among electricians to understand what each wire is used for. If you have come across cable upgrading projects in Singapore and find a discrepancy in colours between what has been installed vs what is available in the market, this quick article is for you. Singapore’s cable colour codes for the live phase are brown, black and grey. This change took effect on 1 March 2009 when Singapore adopted the code to align with the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), the standards organization that harmonises electrical standards in European countries. Cable Colour Code in Singapore (from 2009 onwards) Previous Cable Colour Code in Singapore (before 2009) For more information, please reach out to our sales team. Contact Sales

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Understanding Cable Mechanical Properties for Successful Installation

Cable handling, Keystone Academy /

To help ensure the safety and longevity of your installed cables, here are some key cable mechanical properties to note for a successful installation. • Cable Bending Radius• Maximum Pulling Tension• Sidewall Pressure Cable Bending Radius The cable bending radius is the minimum radius a cable can be bent to without damaging it. The smaller the bending radius, the greater the flexibility of the material. Knowing your cable’s minimum bending radius will help prevent damage during installation. Please refer to our article here if you need a reference table and an example of how it is calculated. To prevent overbending in cables, we recommend how a cable could be fed during your setup process. If you are planning to lay your cables overhead, onto a tray, for instance, we recommend mounting cable drums on jacks or cable stands in the orientation so that the cable can be pulled from the top. This is the default recommended orientation for pulling cables rather than from the underside; to prevent the cable from potential damage due to overbending or friction against the ground, especially when possible sharp objects such as rocks or nails are on site. Setup for overhead However, if you are installing the cable in a duct close to the ground, we recommend pulling the cable from the underside instead, taking care to place cable rollers to help support your installation and to prevent damage to your cable sheath. Setup for duct close to the floor Setup for pulling around bends Use sheave assemblies that exceed the minimum bending radius for pulling around bends. Pulleys must be positioned to ensure the effective curvature is smooth rather than polygonal. Maximum Pulling Tension When installing larger cables, it is advised to use a cable-pulling grip attached to the leading end of the cable’s metallic conductor. Where pulling attachments are used on the cables, they should be covered with protective tape to prevent the scoring of the cable trays, cable ladders, and installation pulleys. Based on the manufacturer’s recommendation, use a dynamometer to ensure that the cable’s maximum pulling tension is not exceeded. Table 1: Permissible Maximum Pulling Tension (Kgf) *Tip: The cable should be pulled at a constant speed. Drums with an extended length of cable should not be allowed to rotate too rapidly as the overrun can cause cable kinks and damage if the pulling is suddenly slowed or stopped. Side Wall Pressure Sidewall pressure is the tension that the cable experiences as it is pulled through a curved section. This is determined by both the pulling tension exerted on the cable as well as the bending radius limitation of the cable. To prevent damage, it is important to keep the side wall pressure below the 500 Kgf/m maximum permissible side wall pressure.

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Conductor Resistance: A basic but important test for your cables

Cable basics, Keystone Academy, Quality Assurance /

The conductor resistance (CR) test is basic, but one of the most important tests in quality testing of cables. It can verify whether the amount or quality of conductor material in a cable is sufficient. The CR test is done on either a complete length of cable or on a cable sample of at least 1m in length in accordance with IEC 60228. The test measures the DC resistance of the copper or aluminium conductor, which indicates how easily current can flow through the conductor; the higher the resistance, the less current flow. When the resistance is too high, the heat generated may cause premature insulation failure, resulting in a fire or short circuit. CR is influenced by the conductor dimensions, construction, temperature, and resistivity. Out of these factors, it is worth highlighting that because of the sensitivity of the reading to temperature, it is important to keep the sample in the test area for sufficient time to ensure that the conductor temperature has stabilized, which allows for an accurate test. The measured resistance is then converted to an equivalent resistance at standard temperature — 20°C according to IEC 60228 — and length. To ensure that the conductor resistance meets the standard, the observed resistance Rt is compared against the maximum conductor resistance at 20°C (R20) where: Rt = Observed Resistancekt = Temperature Correction Factor (Table 1)L = Length of the specimen in mR20 = Maximum Standard Resistance at 20°C (Table 2) If you come across a high conductor resistance reading (> R20), here are possible calculation adjustment factors to first consider before exploring actual conductor issues:  1. Incorrect conductor temperature (a higher conductor temperature >20°C would result in a higher observed resistance, Rt) 2. Incorrect length of cable (a longer length of cable would result in a higher observed resistance, Rt) Otherwise, there may be a case of: 3. Insufficient conductor purity (e.g. where the copper is less than 99.9% pure) 4. Insufficient conductor quantity (e.g. thinner or shortage of strands of wires resulting in a smaller conductor cross-sectional area) At Keystone Cable, the CR test is a routine test we conduct on every finished cable to ensure that the results comply with international specifications. For more enquiries, please contact our team. Contact Us The conductor resistance (CR) test is basic, but one of the most important tests in quality testing of cables. It can verify whether the amount or quality of conductor material in a cable is sufficient. The CR test is done on either a complete length of cable or on a cable sample of at least 1m in length in accordance with IEC 60228. The test measures the DC resistance of the copper or aluminium conductor, which indicates how easily current can flow through the conductor; the higher the resistance, the less current flow. When the resistance is too high, the heat generated may cause premature insulation failure, resulting in a fire or short circuit.   CR is influenced by the conductor dimensions, construction, temperature, and resistivity. Out of these factors, it is worth highlighting that because of the sensitivity of the reading to temperature, it is important to keep the sample in the test area for sufficient time to ensure that the conductor temperature has stabilized, which allows for an accurate test. The measured resistance is then converted to an equivalent resistance at standard temperature — 20°C according to IEC 60228 — and length. To ensure that the conductor resistance meets the standard, the observed resistance Rt is compared against the maximum conductor resistance at 20°C (R20) where:   Rt = Observed Resistancekt = Temperature Correction Factor (Table 1)L = Length of the specimen in mR20 = Maximum Standard Resistance at 20°C (Table 2) If you come across a high conductor resistance reading (> R20), here are possible calculation adjustment factors to first consider before exploring actual conductor issues:  1. Incorrect conductor temperature (a higher conductor temperature >20°C would result in a higher observed resistance, Rt) 2. Incorrect length of cable (a longer length of cable would result in a higher observed resistance, Rt) Otherwise, there may be a case of: 3. Insufficient conductor purity (e.g. where the copper is less than 99.9% pure) 4. Insufficient conductor quantity (e.g. thinner or shortage of strands of wires resulting in a smaller conductor cross-sectional area) At Keystone Cable, the CR test is a routine test we conduct on every finished cable to ensure that the results comply with international specifications. For more enquiries, please contact our team. Contact Us

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